éclairs

Claire’s is your headquarters for all things fun & sparkly! We are also home to the piercing pros who are ready to answer your questions once you’re ready to commit to new ear piercings. Our ear piercing specialists are trained to offer several piercing options with an upgraded process for safety and sanitation. Choose from a huge range of studs and hoops for your next piercing! Your new piercing can come from our branded selection of JoJo Siwa, Frozen or you can pick from our high-quality cubic zirconia, diamond, and titanium collections.

While you’re there, take a peek through our huge range of fashion & tech accessories, beauty, hair looks, jewelry, and more of the hottest trends you love! We also carry a huge range of accessories for your little ones aged 3-6 in our Claire’s Club collection. Did you know Claire’s is also a toy store? Your kids will absolutely love our amazing range of toys and collectibles with items from Pusheen, Ty, L.O.L. Surprise!, Frozen, Harry Potter and SO much more for hours of fun! If you have kids that are obsessed with Claire’s & all the amazing things we offer, you can host your next event here! Looking for kid’s birthday party places near you can sometimes be tough, but Claire’s wants to make the process easy for you so your child has the best party ever! Call your local store for details on having your next party at Claire’s.

Cream-filled pastry

An eclair (,^[1] ;^[2] French pronunciation: ​[e.klɛʁ]) is a pastry made with choux dough filled with a cream and topped with chocolate icing. The dough, which is the same as that used for profiterole, is typically piped into an oblong shape with a pastry bag and baked until it is crisp and hollow inside. Once cool, the pastry is filled with custard (creme patissiere), whipped cream or chiboust cream, then iced with fondant icing.^[3] Other fillings include pistachio- and rum-flavoured custard, fruit-flavoured fillings, or chestnut puree. The icing is sometimes caramel, in which case the dessert may be called a baton de Jacob.^[4]

The word comes from the French eclair, meaning "flash of lightning", so named because it is eaten quickly (in a flash);^[5] however some^[who?] believe that the name is due to the glisten of the frosting resembling lightning.^{[citation needed]}

The eclair originated during the nineteenth century in France where it was called "pain a la Duchesse"^[6] or "petite duchesse" until 1850.^[7] The word is first attested both in English and in French in the 1860s.^[8][9] Some food historians speculate that eclairs were first made by Antonin Careme (1784–1833), the famous French chef.^{[citation needed]} The first known English-language recipe for eclairs appears in the Boston Cooking School Cook Book by Mrs. D.A. Lincoln, published in 1884.

Some pastry chains in the United States and Canada^[10] market Long John doughnuts as eclairs or eclair doughnuts.

American tween fashion jewelry retailer

Claire's (formerly known as Claire's Boutiques, Claire's Boutique and Claire's Accessories) is an American retailer of accessories, jewelry, and toys primarily aimed toward tween and teen girls. It was founded in 1961 and is based in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.^[2] The company is primarily owned by Elliott Management and Monarch Alternative Capital.^[3]

As of October 27, 2012, Claire's has 3,469 stores in 37 countries.^[4] Their stores are in 96% of all U.S. shopping malls,^{[citation needed]} and Claire's claims it has done more ear piercings than any other retailer, totaling at over 100 million in 25+ years.^[5]

In 1961, Rowland Schaefer founded Fashion Tress Industries, a company that sold wigs and became the world's largest retailer for fashion wigs.^[6] In 1973, Fashion Tress acquired Claire's, a 25-store jewelry chain, and began shifting its focus towards a line of fashion jewelry and accessories under the new name, Claire's Accessories, Inc.^[6] Claire's Accessories began providing ear piercing services in 1978 and, in 1980, established a Hong Kong-based sourcing office. During the 1980s, Claire's Accessories opened new stores throughout the United States and bought Topkapi, a Japanese chain of 16 stores, in 1989.^[6] Claire's Accessories continued acquiring companies in the 1990s, including Bow Bangles — a British chain with 71 stores in England, Wales, and Scotland — in 1995; two American chains, The Icing (85 stores) and Accessory Place (31 stores), in 1996;^[6] and Bijoux One, a Swiss chain, in 1998.^[7] The Icing would become the company's primary brand for women in their 20s.^[6] In 1999, Claire's purchased Cleopatre, a chain in Paris with 42 stores, for $11 million cash,^[8] as well the American chain, Afterthoughts. Afterthoughts stores were converted to Icing stores after they were purchased.^[9] In 1997, the business changed its name to Claire's.^{[citation needed]} In 2001, claires.com was launched. In 2002, the company purchased the US-based clothing chain, Mr. Rags.^{[citation needed]}

Claire's was listed on the NASDAQ in 2005,^{[citation needed]} but was taken private by the private equity firm Apollo Global Management in a $3.1 billion leveraged buyout in 2007.^[10] In 2008, Claire's consolidated its European operations into one group with headquarters in Birmingham. The first stores in Ukraine were opened in 2010.^{[citation needed]} In 2011, e-commerce operations were launched in the United States, alongside the opening of stores in India and Mexico. In 2012, Claire's expanded its international presence by opening its first stores in China, Italy, Indonesia, Luxembourg, Dominican Republic, Panama, and Honduras.

In 2018, Claire's filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the U.S.^{[11][12][13][14]}

As of 2014 Claire's has 6 offices:^[2]

Claire's has its Illinois offices in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.^[19][20] The facility is a brown brick building off of Interstate 90,^[18][21] near Barrington Road.^[21] The building serves as Claire's distribution center and main facility, and all merchandise is routed through this facility. Its products, which, as of 1996, are mainly imported, are distributed and marketed through the Hoffman Estates location.^[18] The company's buying, distribution, and marketing divisions are in the Hoffman Estates facility.^[22] As of 1996, 236 full-time employees and several temporary employees worked in the facility. Leslie Mann of the Chicago Tribune said that the facility "contrasts with Claire's glittery stores in the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, the United Kingdom and Japan."^[18] Mann added, "Except for the prototype store in the lobby and the fashion accessories that line the walls of the buyers' offices, the center is unremarkable."^[18]

A facility in Wood Dale, Illinois, used to serve the purposes now held by the Hoffman Estates office.^[18] In early January 1995, Pfizer sold its Hoffman Estates headquarters building for $7.4 million to Claire's so it could consolidate its operations in Memphis, Tennessee. At the time, the Hoffman Estates office had 247,000 square feet (22,900 m²) of space.^[21] In 1998, Claire's announced plans to build a two-story office building and a 275,000-square-foot (25,500 m²) warehouse at the Hoffman Estates site. This would double the total amount of space at the Illinois site.^[23]

Its Florida office in Pembroke Pines, Florida, in Greater Miami.^[24][25] The Florida offices are west of the intersection of Flamingo Road and Pines Boulevard. It has 26,000 square feet (2,400 m²) of space in its Florida offices.^[26] The current CEO for Claire's is Ryan Vero^[27] As of 1997 the CEO has his office in Pembroke Pines.^[18] In addition, the company's customer service and investor relations divisions are located in the Pembroke Pines offices.^[22] In November 1990 Claire's moved its Florida offices from northern Dade County to Pembroke Pines. The former headquarters in Dade County had 10,000 square feet (930 m²) of space.^[26]

Stores are aimed at teens and tweens and have a kids' sections. They average about 1,000 square feet, are typically located in malls and shopping centers, and carry the widest selection of merchandise among Claire's brands. Merchandise is targeted at different age groups ranging from babies to teens. Customers can find earrings, necklaces, bracelets, purses, hair accessories, fashion accessories, stuffed animals, makeup, and licensed merchandise. Stores are merchandised to accommodate different ages, and fashion trends are manipulated to appeal to all ages. Toys "R" Us also included a Claire's section for girls and teens.

In North America, Claire's also operates under the Icing brand, stores targeted toward women aged 19–28. The merchandise has a higher price point and is more mature. Most items are accessories and jewelry, but merchandise also includes items like candles, mineral-based cosmetics, birthday accessories, bachelorette and wedding accessories, and footwear. Icing typically does not offer licensed merchandise.^[28]

Claire's sells accessories that are geared towards kids, tweens, teens, and young adults and are meant to imitate high-end fashion trends. Costume jewelry, imitation jewelry of precious gems and materials like pearls and diamonds, branded merchandise that advertise tween musicians, body jewelry, hair accessories, make-up and clothing items are usually available for purchases.

The store's merchandise is often divided into sections. Claire's Club is a line of accessories meant for children under 7 years old, featuring princess-themed jewelry and accessories with children's musicians such as Sophia Grace & Rosie. The rest of the store is for tweens and teens.

Claire's also carries an assortment of seasonal holiday items, such as for Valentine's Day, St. Patrick's Day, Easter, 4th of July, Halloween, and Christmas.

Nearly all locations also offer ear piercing, as all staff are fully trained in using the Studex gun. Claire's starts piercing customers at the age of two months with their 8-week immunizations and does not pierce the cartilage of people under 13 years of age. Although the target customers are girls and young women, as fashion trends have changed, the place has become popular for young boys to get their ears pierced as well.

Claire's carries its own range of perfumes and jewelry.

Claire's have been subject to numerous cases of alleged "asbestos presence" in its products. These traces have been found in products containing talcum powder, a naturally occurring silicate substance. Talcum powder has been known to contain traces of asbestos, a recognized human carcinogen.

On March 5, 2019, Claire's stated that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) believed some of the company's products may have been contaminated with asbestos. Claire's stated that the FDA had "mis-characterized fibers in the products as asbestos, in direct contradiction to established EPA and USP criterion for classifying asbestos fibers".^[29]

On March 11, 2019, the FDA tested more Claire's products, indicating "the possible presence of asbestos". The effected products was sold between October 2016 to March 2019. In response to the FDA claim, Claire's stated they continue to have confidence in the safety of their products, however also issued a voluntary recall and advised consumers to discontinue use.

On May 30, 2019, a JoJo Siwa cosmetic kit was voluntarily recalled due to the FDA warning consumers of "the possible presence of asbestos". The powder eyeshadow element of the kit was affected due to the possible presence of "trace amounts of asbestos fibers". Claire's stated these trace amounts were acceptable by European and Canadian cosmetic regulations, and they had ended the use of talc powder in its products. The company still "continues to have confidence in the safety and composition of its products" and "is not aware of any adverse reactions, injuries or illness caused by the possible presence of asbestos in the recalled products". Siwa posted a video informing her audience Claire's would accept refunds of products new and used, stating she puts her "trust into other people's hands" with her products and was working to recall items from all shelves.^[30]

: a small enclosed pond for growing or observing the growth of oysters

: a small enclosed pond for growing or observing the growth of oysters

: a small enclosed pond for growing or observing the growth of oysters

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American singer-songwriter

Musical artist

Claire Elizabeth Cottrill (born August 18, 1998), known professionally as Clairo, is an American singer-songwriter. Born in Atlanta, Georgia, and raised in Carlisle, Massachusetts, she began posting music on the internet at age 13.

Clairo rose to prominence following the viral success of the music video for her lo-fi single "Pretty Girl" in 2017. She subsequently signed a record deal with Fader Label, where she released her debut EP Diary 001 (2018). Her debut studio album Immunity (2019) received critical acclaim and spawned the singles "Bags" and "Sofia", the latter of which became her first single to chart on the Billboard Hot 100. Cottrill's second studio album, Sling, was released in 2021. Upon its release, the album received critical acclaim and saw commercial success, debuting in the top 20 of the US Billboard 200.

Claire Cottrill was born in Atlanta, Georgia; however, she was raised in Carlisle, Massachusetts.^[7] She is the daughter of marketing executive Geoff Cottrill.^[8][9]

Cottrill began recording covers at the age of 13; she often performed covers at local businesses including Blue Dry Goods. During this time, MTV contacted her to record a song to be used as background music for one of their shows, but the song was never used.^[10] Under the names Clairo and DJ Baby Benz, she began posting music to Bandcamp while attending Concord-Carlisle High School and went on to post covers and songs in addition to DJ mixes of rap music on SoundCloud.^[10][11] She also maintained a YouTube channel where she would post covers and short films.^[2]

Clairo first drew wide attention in late 2017 when the video for her song "Pretty Girl" went viral on YouTube.^[2] The song was recorded for an indie rock compilation benefiting the Transgender Law Center.^[12] According to her, she recorded the track "using the resources around me which were pretty shitty. I used like a little keyboard that I had and I was really into ’80s pop music — my mom is obsessed with it — so it kind of inspired me to do something like that."^[13] She attributed interest in the video to YouTube's algorithm system.^[12] The video also became popular on vaporwave-centric Facebook groups.^[13] "Pretty Girl" had amassed more than 15 million views on YouTube by 2018.^[12] A piece written by Joe Coscarelli of The New York Times said that the work: "bridges both worlds, building on the coy, understated bedroom pop of 'Pretty Girl' and 'Flamin Hot Cheetos' toward sturdier numbers like '4EVER' and 'B.O.M.D.'".^[12]

Another video that was uploaded to YouTube a month earlier, "Flamin Hot Cheetos", garnered 3 million views by July 2018.^[14] The success of "Pretty Girl" led to interest from major labels such as Capitol, RCA, and Columbia. Jon Cohen, co-founder of The Fader, signed Clairo to the magazine's associated record label with a 12-song record contract and introduced her to Pat Corcoran, manager of Chance the Rapper. She became a client of talent agency Haight Brand near the end of 2017.^[12]

On May 25, 2018, Fader Label released Clairo's debut record, titled Diary 001.^[15] In her review for Pitchfork, Fader contributor Sasha Geffen wrote that the EP ought to subside the "legions of naysayers who dismissed her as a one-hit fluke or an industry plant."^[16] That same month, she announced a headlining tour throughout North America, as well as select dates opening for Dua Lipa.^[17] Her July performance at the Bowery Ballroom in New York was a sold-out show.^[14] In October 2018, she performed at Lollapalooza.^[18] She performed at Coachella in 2019.^[19]

On May 24, 2019, Clairo released a new single, "Bags", and announced her debut album Immunity^[20] which was released on August 2, 2019.^[21] She would further release two more singles from the album "Closer to You" and "Sofia."^[22][23] Following the album's commercial success, Apple Music named Clairo an Up Next artist in August 2019.^[24] Clairo made her television debut performing "I Wouldn’t Ask You" on Jimmy Kimmel Live! in September 2019,^[25] before performing "Bags" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show a few days later.^[26] In December 2019, Clairo won Pop Artist of the Year at the 2019 Boston Music Awards for the second consecutive year, as well as Album of the Year for Immunity. "Bags" was included in over 15 critics' lists ranking the year's top songs including Pitchfork's and Paste's lists of best songs of the decade.^[27][28] Immunity was included in over 10 critics' end of year lists, including The Guardian, Pitchfork, Billboard and Los Angeles Times. As of 2019, Clairo was managed by Mike Ahern and Jimmy Bui.^[29]

In April 2020, Clairo revealed that she had begun working on her second album via a tweet of a screenshot of a playlist titled ‘Album 2 (demos so far)’.^[30] On October of that same year, Clairo formed a new band called Shelly with indie-pop artist Claud and their two friends from Syracuse University, Josh Mehling and Noa Frances Getzug. The group released two songs, "Steeeam" and "Natural", on October 30, 2020.^[31] On June 11, 2021, Clairo released "Blouse", the first single from her second record, Sling, which was announced that same day.^[32][33] The album was released on July 16, 2021.^[34] In February 2022, Clairo embarked on the US leg of the Sling tour. ^[35]

Clairo recalled that the Shins' Wincing the Night Away was "the first album I really completely geeked out over" crediting it as her inspiration to make music.^[36] Based on the fact that many around her told her that a career in music was unlikely she did not consider it a likely prospect and musically "kind of did whatever I wanted".^[36]

In 2017, Cottrill began attending Syracuse University.^[10]

Cottrill was diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis at the age of 17.^[8] Cottrill came out as bisexual to her fans via Twitter in May 2018.^[37][38] In an interview, she explained that making friends in college is what helped her to come out as they were openly gay and she was inspired by "their confidence and their willingness to be exposed."^[39]

Following the success of "Pretty Girl", a number of social media users (specifically on discussion website Reddit) began claiming that Clairo was an "industry plant" who gained success through her father's nepotism.^[8][14] She denied the claims, calling them sexist.^[12] Writers for The Guardian and The Ringer also stated that her father's connections facilitated her record contract signing.^[40][14]

1791 battle of the Northwest Indian War

St. Clair's defeat, also known as the Battle of the Wabash, the Battle of Wabash River or the Battle of a Thousand Slain,^[1] was a battle fought on 4 November 1791 in the Northwest Territory of the United States of America. The U.S. Army faced the Western Confederacy of Native Americans, as part of the Northwest Indian War. It was "the most decisive defeat in the history of the American military"^[2] and its largest defeat ever by Native Americans.^[3]

The Native Americans were led by Little Turtle of the Miamis, Blue Jacket of the Shawnees, and Buckongahelas of the Delawares (Lenape). The war party numbered more than 1,000 warriors, including many Potawatomis from eastern Michigan and the Saint Joseph. The opposing force of about 1,000 Americans was led by General Arthur St. Clair. The forces of the American Indian confederacy attacked at dawn, taking St. Clair's men by surprise. Of the 1,000 officers and men that St. Clair led into battle, only 24 escaped unharmed. As a result, President George Washington forced St. Clair to resign his post, and Congress initiated its first investigation of the executive branch.^[4]

In the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolutionary War, Great Britain recognized United States sovereignty of all the land east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes. The native tribes in the Old Northwest, however, were not parties to this treaty and many of them, especially leaders such as Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, refused to recognize American claims to the area northwest of the Ohio River. The young United States government, deeply in debt following the Revolutionary War and lacking the authority to tax under the Articles of Confederation, planned to raise funds via the methodical sale of land in the Northwest Territory. This plan necessarily called for the removal of both Native American villages and squatters.^[5] During the mid and late 1780s, American settlers in Kentucky and travelers on and north of the river suffered approximately 1,500 deaths during the ongoing hostilities, in which white settlers often retaliated against Indians. The cycle of violence threatened to deter settlement of the newly acquired territory, so John Cleves Symmes and Jonathan Dayton petitioned President Washington and his Secretary of War, Henry Knox, to use military force to crush the Miami.^[6]

A force of 1,453 men (320 regulars from the First American Regiment and 1,133 militia) under Brigadier General Josiah Harmar marched northwards from Fort Washington on the Ohio River at 10:00 a.m. on 7 October 1790. The campaign ended in disaster for the United States. On 19–22 October, near Kekionga (present-day Fort Wayne, Indiana), Harmar committed detachments that were ambushed by Native American forces defending their own territory. On three separate occasions, Harmar failed to reinforce the detachments. Suffering more than 200 casualties, as well as a loss of a third of his packhorses, Harmar ordered a retreat back to Ft. Washington.^[7] Estimates of total Native casualties, killed and wounded, range from 120 to 150.

President George Washington then ordered General Arthur St. Clair, who served both as governor of the Northwest Territory and as a major general in the Army, to mount a more vigorous effort by summer 1791. Congress agreed to raise a second regiment of Regular soldiers for six months,^[8] but it later reduced soldiers' pay. The demoralized First Regiment was soon reduced to 299 soldiers, while the new Second Regiment was able to recruit only half of its authorized soldiers.^[8] St. Clair was forced to augment his Army with Kentucky militia as well as two regiments (five battalions) of six-month levies.^[9]

In May 1791 Lieutenant Colonel James Wilkinson led a subsequent raid that August, intended to create a distraction that would aid St. Clair's march north. In the Battle of Kenapacomaqua, Wilkinson killed 9 Wea and Miami, and captured 34 Miami as prisoners, including a daughter of Miami war chief Little Turtle.^[10] Many of the confederation leaders were considering terms of peace to present to the United States, but when they received news of Wilkinson's raid, they readied for war.^[11] Wilkinson's raid thus had the opposite effect, uniting the tribes against St. Clair instead of distracting them.^[12]

The Native American forces did not have a formal command structure,^[14] and the overall planning and leadership has been a source of debate. Both Blue Jacket and Little Turtle later claimed to have been in overall command of the united forces.^[15] John Norton claimed that when the battle began, the Shawnee took the lead.^[16] Little Turtle is often credited for the victory, but this may have been due to the influence of his son-in-law, William Wells, who later served with the United States as an Indian Agent and interpreter.^[17]

The different nations were grouped by similar language groups in a crescent-shaped formation at the start of the battle. Little Turtle of the Miamis, Blue Jacket of the Shawnee, with Buckongahelas and Captain Pipe^[18] of the Lenape formed the center.^[16] Egushawa was among the leaders of the Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibwe units to the left. Tarhe and Simon Girty were among the leaders of the Wyandot, Mingo and Cherokee units that formed the right horn of the crescent.^[14]

The United States command structure was as follows:^[9]

US Army - Major General Arthur St. Clair

US levies - Major General Richard Butler †

Kentucky militia - Lieutenant Colonel William Oldham †

Washington was adamant for St. Clair to move north in the summer months, but various logistics and supply problems greatly slowed his preparations in Fort Washington (now Cincinnati, Ohio). The new recruits were poorly trained and undisciplined, the food supplies were substandard, and the horses were not only low in number, but also of poor quality. The expedition thus failed to set out until October 1791. Building supply posts as it advanced, the Army's objective was the town of Kekionga, the capital of the Miami tribe, near present-day Fort Wayne, Indiana.

The Army under St. Clair included 600 regulars, 800 six-month conscripts, and 600 militia at its peak, a total of around 2,000 men.^[19] Desertion took its toll and when the force finally got underway, it had dwindled to around 1,486 total men and some 200–250 camp followers (wives, children, laundresses, and prostitutes). Going was slow and discipline problems were severe; St. Clair, suffering from gout, had difficulty maintaining order, especially among the militia and the new levies. The force was constantly shadowed by Indians and skirmishes occasionally erupted. By the end of 2 November, through further desertion and illness, St. Clair's force had been whittled down to around 1,120, including the camp followers. While St. Clair's Army continued to lose soldiers, the Western Confederacy quickly added numbers. Buckongahelas led his 480 men to join the 700 warriors of Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, bringing the war party to more than one thousand warriors, including many Potawatomis from eastern Michigan and the Saint Joseph.

St. Clair had 52 officers and 868 enlisted and militia present for duty on 3 November. That day, the combined force camped on an elevated meadow, with the First Infantry and volunteers encamped on the opposite side of the Wabash River from the Kentucky militia camp, making it difficult to assist one another.^[20] No defensive works were constructed, even though natives had been seen in the forest.^[21] Major General Richard Butler sent a small detachment of soldiers under Captain Jacob Slough to capture some warriors who had harassed the camp. The detachment fired on a small party of Native Americans, but soon realized they were outnumbered.^[22] They returned to the camp and reported that they believed an attack was imminent, but Butler did not send this report to St. Clair, nor increase the camp's defenses.^[20]

On the evening of 3 November, St. Clair's force established a camp on a high hill near the present-day location of Fort Recovery, Ohio, near the headwaters of the Wabash River. A native force consisting of around 1,000 warriors, led by Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, established a large crescent surrounding the camp.^[24] They waited in the woods until dawn, when the men stacked their weapons and paraded to their morning meals.^[21] Adjutant General Winthrop Sargent had just reprimanded the militia for failing to conduct reconnaissance patrols, when the natives struck, surprising the Americans and overrunning their ground.

The center, consisting of the Miami, Shawnee, and Lenape, first attacked the militia,^[25] who fled across the Wabash and up the hill to the main camp without their weapons. The regulars immediately broke their musket stacks, formed battle lines and fired a volley into the natives, forcing them back.^[26] The left and right wings of the Native American formation flanked the regulars and closed in on the main camp, meeting on the far side.^[27] Within 30 minutes, the 1,400 warriors defending their territory had completely encircled the U.S. camp.^[28] The U.S. muskets and artillery were of poor quality and had little effect on the Native warriors behind their cover.^[29] Meanwhile, St. Clair's artillery was stationed on a nearby bluff and was wheeling into position when the gun crews were killed by native marksmen and the survivors were forced to spike their guns.

Women and children who accompanied the army sought refuge among the supply wagons.^[30] Some militia tried to join them, but were forced back into battle by the women.

Colonel William Darke ordered his battalion to fix bayonets and charge the main native position. Little Turtle's forces gave way and retreated to the woods, only to encircle Darke's battalion and destroy it.^[31] The bayonet charge was tried numerous times with similar results and the U.S. forces eventually collapsed in disorder. St. Clair had three horses shot out from under him as he tried in vain to rally his men.

After three hours of fighting, St. Clair called together the remaining officers and, faced with total annihilation, decided to attempt one last bayonet charge to get through the native line and escape. Supplies and wounded were left in camp. As before, Little Turtle's Army allowed the bayonets to pass through, but this time the men ran for Fort Jefferson.^[32] Ebenezer Denny wrote that the fastest ran, leaving the slow and wounded behind.^[33]

A Pennsylvania detachment under Major John Clark provided the rear guard for the retreat. When Clark was wounded, however, the detachment fled.^[34] With no organized defense against the pursuing Native Americans, the retreat quickly turned into a rout. "It was, in fact, a flight," St. Clair described a few days later in a letter to the Secretary of War.^[34] St. Clair later wrote that the route was littered with discarded firelocks, cartridge boxes, and uniforms, as the fleeing army discarded any items that slowed them down.^[34] In desperation, one cook known as "Red-headed Nance" even abandoned her baby.^[34] Another account tells a similar story, where a baby abandoned in the snow by a fleeing mother was found and adopted by pursuing Native Americans.^[35]

A Private Stephen Littell became lost in the woods and accidentally returned to the abandoned camp. He reported that the Native Americans were all gone, in pursuit of the fleeing army. The wounded who remained begged him to kill them before the Indians returned.^[34] The American Indians continued their pursuit, killing those who fell to the rear of the retreat. After they had gone about four miles, they returned to loot the camp. Littell, hiding beneath a tree, reported that they ate the abandoned food, divided the spoils, and killed the wounded.^[36]

The head of the retreat reached Fort Jefferson that evening, a distance of nearly 30 miles (48 km) in one day. With inadequate space and no food, it was decided that those who could must continue on to Fort Hamilton, another 45 miles (72 km) away.^[36] The wounded were left at Fort Jefferson, with little or no food.^[37] Those on horseback did not reach Fort Hamilton until the next morning, followed by those who marched on foot.^[36]

St. Clair sent a supply convoy and a hundred soldiers under Major David Ziegler from Fort Washington on 11 November.^[38] They arrived at Fort Jefferson and found 116 survivors eating "horse flesh and green hides".^[39] Charles Scott organized a relief party of Kentucky militia, but it disbanded at Fort Washington in late November with no action taken. Lieutenant Colonel James Wilkinson assumed command of the Second Regiment in January 1792 and led a supply convoy to Fort Jefferson. The detachment attempted to bury the dead and collect the missing cannons, but the task proved to be beyond it, with "upwards of six hundred bodies" at the battle site and at least 78 bodies along the road.^[40]

Exact numbers of wounded are not known, but it has been reported that execution fires burned for several days after the battle.^[32]

The casualty rate was the highest percentage ever suffered by a United States Army unit and included St. Clair's second in command, Richard Butler. Of the 52 officers engaged, 39 were killed and 7 wounded; around 88% of all officers had become casualties. The American casualty rate among the soldiers, was 97.4 percent, including 632 of 920 killed (69%) and 264 wounded. Nearly all of the 200 camp followers were slaughtered, for a total of 832 Americans killed. Approximately one-quarter of the entire U.S. Army had been wiped out. Only 24 of the 920 officers and men engaged came out of it unscathed. The survivors included Benjamin Van Cleve and his uncle Robert Benham; van Cleve was one of the few who were unharmed. Native casualties were about 61, with at least 21 killed.^[41]

So many people died on site that when 300 soldiers from the Legion of the United States returned to the site in late 1793, they identified the site by the unburied human remains. The detachment had to move bones to make space for their beds.^[42] Sixty years after the battle, in September 1851, the town organized Bone Burying Day to inter the remains of bones that had been discovered at that location.^[43]

Historian William Hogeland calls the Native American victory "the high-water mark in resistance to white expansion. No comparable Indian victory would follow."^[44]

The confederacy reveled in their triumph and war trophies, but most members of the force returned to their respective towns after the victory. The 1791 harvest had been insufficient in the region, and the warriors needed to hunt for winter food stores.^[45] A grand council was held on the banks of the Ottawa River to determine whether to continue the war against the United States or negotiate a peace from a strong position. Some believed that the United States would be unable to continue the war after the loss of so many soldiers.^[46] The council delayed the final decision until a new grand council could be held the following year.^[45]

Both Little Turtle and Blue Jacket claimed to have been in overall command of the native forces at the victory, causing resentment between the two men and their followers.^[15]

The British, surprised and delighted at the success of the natives they had been supporting and arming for years, stepped up their plans to create a pro-British Indian barrier state that would be closed to further settlement and encompass what was then known as the Northwest Territory, which spanned the American Midwestern region from Ohio into Minnesota.^[47] The plans were developed in Canada, but in 1794, the government in London reversed course and decided it was necessary to gain American favor since a major war had broken out with France. London put the barrier state idea on hold and opened friendly negotiations with the Americans that led to the Jay Treaty of 1794. One provision was that the British acceded to American demands to remove their forts from American territory in Michigan and Wisconsin. The British, however, maintained their forts in Ontario from which they supplied munitions to the Natives living in the United States.^[48]

News of the defeat reached the eastern states by late November. A French resident learned of the battle from Native Americans, and shared the news at Vincennes. From there, a traveler headed east sent word to Virginia Governor Henry Lee, along with an alarm from Charles Scott.^[49]

St. Clair's official report was carried by Major Ebenezer Denny to Philadelphia. Henry Knox escorted Denny to President Washington on 20 December.^[49] Washington was outraged when he received news of the defeat.^[50] After cursing St. Clair, he told Tobias Lear, "General St. Clair shall have justice. I looked hastily through the dispatches, saw the whole disaster but not all the particulars."^[51] St. Clair left Wilkinson in charge of Fort Washington^[51] and arrived in Philadelphia in January 1792 to report on what had happened. Blaming Quartermaster General Samuel Hodgdon, as well as the War Department, the general asked for a court-martial in order to gain exoneration and planned to resign his commission after winning it. Washington, however, denied him the court-martial and forced St. Clair's immediate resignation.

The House of Representatives began its own investigation into the disaster. It was the first Congressional Special Committee investigation^[20] as well as the first investigation of the executive branch. As part of the proceedings, the House committee in charge of the investigation sought certain documents from the War Department. Knox brought that matter to Washington's attention and because of the major issues of separation of powers involved, the president summoned a meeting of all of his department heads. It was one of the first meetings of all of the officials together and may be considered the beginning of the United States Cabinet.^[52] Washington established, in principle, the position that the executive branch should refuse to divulge any papers or materials that the public good required it to keep secret and that at any rate, it was not to provide any originals. That is the earliest appearance of the doctrine of executive privilege,^[53] which later became a major separation of powers issue.

The final committee report sided largely with St. Clair by finding that Knox, Hodgdon, and other War Department officials had done a poor job of raising, equipping, and supplying St. Clair's expedition.^[54] However, Congress voted against a motion to consider the committee's findings and issued no final report. St. Clair expressed disappointment that his reputation was not officially cleared.^[55]

Within weeks of learning of the disaster, Washington wrote, "We are involved in actual war!"^[56] Following up on his 1783 "Sentiments on a Peace Establishment,",^[57] he urged Congress to raise an army capable of conducting a successful offense against the American Indian confederacy, which it did in March 1792 by establishing additional army regiments (the Legion of the United States), adding three-year enlistments, and increasing military pay.^[58][50] That May, it also passed two Militia Acts. The first empowered the president to call out the militias of the several states. The second required free able-bodied white male citizens of the various states between the ages of 18 and 45 to enroll in the militia of the state in which they resided. Washington would use the authority to call out the militia in 1794 to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in Western Pennsylvania.^[59]

General Richard Butler had many friends among the Seneca people, who mourned his death.^[60] A Seneca delegation led by Cornplanter visited General Wayne in 1793,^[61] and Seneca Chief Big Tree joined Wayne's Legion. In early 1794, when it appeared there would be an end to hostilities, Big Tree committed suicide.^[60]

On 25 December 1793, the Legion of the United States identified the site by of the large amount of unburied remains. Private George Will wrote that to setup camp, the unit had to move bones to make space for their beds.^[62] The Legion buried remains in a mass grave.^[58] They quickly built Fort Recovery and spent the following months reinforcing the structure and searching for the abandoned artillery from St. Clair's defeat. On 30 June to 1 July 1794, the Legion successfully defended the fort from a Native American attack. The next month, the Legion won a decisive victory in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The following year, the United States and the Northwestern Confederacy negotiated the Treaty of Greenville, which used Fort Recovery as a reference point for the boundary between American and Native settlements.^[63] The treaty is considered to be the conclusion to the Northwest Indian War.

The number of U.S. soldiers killed in St. Clair's defeat was more than three times the number the Sioux would kill 85 years later at the Battle of Little Big Horn. Despite being one of the worst disasters in U.S. Army history, the loss by St. Clair is largely forgotten.^[3] The site of the battle is currently the town of Fort Recovery, Ohio, and includes a cemetery, memorial, and museum.^[64]

One of the more significant effects of the Native American victory was the expansion in the United States of a standing, professional Army, as well as militia reforms.^[3] The Congressional investigation into the battle also led to the establishment of executive privilege.^[53]

The 1795 Treaty of Greenville used the site of St. Clair's defeat to draw a line opening most of modern Ohio to U.S. settlement. The Greenville line roughly corresponds to the modern Ohio-Indiana state line, which is slightly more than one mile (1.6 km) west of the battleground site.

A story was published years after the defeat of St Clair about a skeleton of a Captain Roger Vanderberg and his diary that were supposedly found inside a tree in Miami County, Ohio. However, no one of that name was a casualty of the 1791 battle. The story originated in 1864 and was actually taken from a Scottish novel.^[65]

A folk ballad, "St. Clair's Defeat" (or "Sinclair's Defeat"), was published in the 19th century,^[66] and was very popular in the early 1800s.^[67] It may have been based on the earlier Crawford's Defeat by the Indians. Music historian Anne Grimes^[68] cites Recollections of Persons and Places in the West by Henry M. Brackenridge, 1834, in which Brackenridge recalled hearing the song from its author, a blind poet named Dennis Loughey, at a racetrack in Pittsburgh around 1800.^[69][70] It was collected as a folksong in Mary O. Eddy's 1939 book Ballads and Songs from Ohio.^[71] It was recorded by Anne Grimes on her 1957 album, Ohio State Ballads^[72] and by Bob Gibson and Hamilton Camp on their 1960 album Gibson & Camp at the Gate of Horn. It was also recorded as "St. Claire's Defeat" by the folk revival group the Modern Folk Quartet in 1964^[73] and by Apollo's Fire in 2004.^[74]

St. Clair's defeat is, along with the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe, a likely source for the name of the fife and drum duet "Hell on the Wabash."^[75]

Clair (Japanese: イブキ Ibuki) is the Gym Leader of Blackthorn City's Gym, known officially as the Blackthorn Gym. She specializes in Dragon-type Pokemon, and she gives the Rising Badge to Trainers who defeat her. Her cousin is Lance.

Clair appears in Pokemon Gold, Silver, Crystal, HeartGold, and SoulSilver as the Leader of the Blackthorn Gym. She is the eighth and final Gym Leader to be met in the Johto region, and defeating her will allow Trainers to advance to Indigo Plateau. Known as "The Blessed User of Dragon Pokemon", Clair is descended from a long line of Dragon-type Trainers including her cousin, Elite Four member Lance, and the master of Blackthorn's Dragon Tamer clan.

Clair is confident of her abilities as a Trainer, and speaks of herself as "the world's best dragon master". She can hold her own against the Elite Four: her only known loss is against Lance, now the Champion. Even if the player defeats her in battle, she refuses to accept his or her talents unless they pass the "Dragon-master challenge". The Rising Badge that victors of the Blackthorn Gym are entitled to remains in Clair's possession until Trainers have navigated the Dragon's Den and located a shrine at its center. Only then will Clair acknowledge her loss. She will also encourage the player to excel at the Pokemon League; this is mainly personal, so she will feel less upset about her defeat at the hands of a child. As well as the Rising Badge, she will also issue a Dragon Technical Machine: TM24 (DragonBreath) in Generation II; TM59 (Dragon Pulse) in Generation IV. Many of her own Pokemon know these moves in the respective generations.

The player's rival, Silver, takes to training in the Dragon's Den once the Elite Four have been defeated by the player. In this way, he is said to act as Clair did when she was young herself. She returns here from time to time, and will battle alongside her cousin against Silver and the player. She tries to partner up with Silver after he challenges Lance (who asks the player to be his partner), but Silver insults her outfit and asks the player to partner with him instead. She comes to the Dragon's Den every morning between 6:00 AM and 10:00 AM after the player and rival defeat her and Lance, and will give her Pokegear phone number to the player. If called on Friday evening, she will journey to the Fighting Dojo and have a rematch with the player.

Clair uses three of these Pokemon in Single Battles, four in Double and Rotation Battles, and all six in Triple Battles. Clair will always lead with her signature Pokemon, Kingdra.

Clair makes an appearance in Pokemon Stadium 2's Johto Gym Leader Castle. This is the only appearance she makes where she uses Pokemon that are not draconic in origin.

During the game's end credits, she is seen having a battle with Lance.

Clair appears as an opponent in Pokemon Puzzle Challenge. She uses a Dragonair in battle.

Clair forms a sync pair with Kingdra in Pokemon Masters EX.

Clair hosted Ash and his friends as they stayed in Blackthorn City from Beauty is Skin Deep to the beginning of Why? Wynaut!. As Ash and his friends neared Blackthorn City, they discovered a Dratini and a Gyarados in a river. They discovered that both Pokemon belonged to Clair, who was following the Dratini down the river as it prepared to shed its skin. Team Rocket snatched the Dratini, however, and Clair gave chase. Dratini escaped, and Ash fought to protect it. During the ensuing battle, however, an electric shock was headed straight for Dratini, but Clair jumped in front of it to absorb the shock. Dratini witnessed its Trainer's devotion, and evolved into a Dragonair in order to put a stop to Team Rocket. Later, Clair was finally able to perform an important ritual to purify the legendary Dragon Fang at Riverhead Falls. Clair then went on to accept Ash's challenge for a Rising Badge.

In Fangs for Nothin', Ash and Clair began their Gym battle. Ash made the first strike, but the battle was cut short when Team Rocket stole the Dragon Fang. Ash, his friends, Clair and Kaburagi chased after Team Rocket and they all ended up in the Dragon Holy Land, where Team Rocket tricked a Dragonite into helping them. In the following episode, Liza and Ash's Charizard arrived on the scene, whereupon they helped calm down the raging Dragonite and put out the raging fire that threatened the Dragon Holy Land.

Clair and Ash had their rematch in Better Eight Than Never. Clair called on her Kingdra, but it was left exhausted by its confrontation against Ash's Snorlax and then knocked out by an Ice Punch. In the next round, Gyarados defeated Snorlax by paralzying it with a Dragon Breath attack. Later, Pikachu's speed and super-effective Thunderbolt attacks helped him defeat Gyarados. Afterwards, Dragonair took out Pikachu and then faced off against Charizard. The round was initially in Clair's favor until Charizard managed to grab a hold of Dragonair and defeat it with a "Flaming Seismic Toss" combination, thus earning Ash his final Johto League Badge, the Rising Badge.

In Why? Wynaut!, Clair informed Ash that the Silver Conference will take place in Silver Town, located at the foot of Mt. Silver, in three months.

Clair made a brief cameo in An Egg Scramble! during Lyra's introduction to Johto, where she was seen in her Generation IV outfit.

After a long absence, Clair physically reappeared in A Pokemon of a Different Color!, when she came to Cave Island in the Decolore Islands to hunt for a Shiny Druddigon. While there, she bumped into Ash and met Iris, Cilan, and Alexa. She revealed that she caught the Dragonite from the Dragon Holy Land, which later had a fight with Iris's Dragonite after the latter crushed a flower. The Druddigon she was searching for went on a rampage on the island, but she was able to calm it down before it joined her team. Clair decided that she would next visit Iris's hometown, the Village of Dragons, before meeting with fellow Dragon specialist and the Opelucid City Gym Leader, Drayden. Before Ash and his friends left for the next island, Clair and Iris agreed to battle each other the next time they met.

After her travels with Ash, Iris traveled to Blackthorn City to have her promised match against Clair in BWS02. Clair first took Iris to visit the Dragon Holy Land so she could help calm down a Gible that was damaging the city before having their match. Iris's Dragonite went up against Clair's Shiny Druddigon and lost the battle. Clair thanked Iris for the match and told her that being ambitious was important to becoming a Dragon Master.

Clair appeared in Thrash of the Titans! during a flashback of Iris's journey to become the Champion of the Unova region.

Clair is compassionate towards her Dragon Pokemon and all Dragon-type Pokemon in general. She confidently approaches them in spite of whatever outbursts of anger they have and can calm them down with her soothing words. She understands their feelings, and allows them to spend free time in the Dragon Holy Land.

Clair's expertise is well-respected by other Dragon specialists. In the past, she mentored Lance of the Elite Four and her good friend Liza, who protects Charizard. She is currently mentoring Iris. Clair encourages her students to be ambitious and determined, and like them, she continues to refine her skills. Her confidence and mastery is also seen when she battles a challenger.

Although Clair mentioned Lance in the anime, he is not her cousin like in the games; instead, she recalled having trained him, or rather him training her at the Blackthorn Gym before he joined the Elite Four.

This listing is of Clair's Pokemon in the anime:

Clair briefly appeared in GOTCHA!.

Clair appears in The Dragonite's Imperial Wrath.

Clair debuts in Debonaire Dragonair, where she expresses her disappointment at the lack of capable Trainers wishing to battle her. She heads off to Dragon's Den to train with the Pokemon inside, only to find them in awe of the Legendary Pokemon Suicune. Suicune challenges Clair to battle and manages to defeat her. After it leaves, the Dragon Clan Elder explains that Suicune appears to Trainers it deems worthy and challenges them to battle. Clair deduces from this that Suicune must be battling the Gym Leaders to see which one is worthy enough to be its Trainer.

At the Indigo Plateau, Clair arrives with her fellow Johto Gym Leaders to take place exhibition tournament for the Pokemon League against the Kanto Gym Leaders. She is set to face against the Cinnabar Island Gym Leader, Blaine, in the seventh round, but the match is postponed due to Blaine not feeling well. When the Masked Man attacks the Pokemon League, Clair and the other Gym Leaders combat his army of mind-controlled Team Rocket Grunts. The fight takes them to the Magnet Train, which is used as a diversion to get the Gym Leaders away from the stadium.

As they battle the army of Grunts, Clair suspects Blaine to be the one controlling the army. She attacks Blaine and states that they will have the seventh battle right there and now. She claims that since he was the last person to battle Lance, Blaine must know what happened to her cousin. With Entei's strength, Blaine easily defeats Clair, thus ensuring the victory for the Kanto Gym Leaders. Blaine assures Clair that while he does not know where Lance is, he believes that he is still alive. After the Masked Man is defeated, Clair returned to her usual duties of being a Gym Leader.

Clair appears at the Whirl Islands, where she looks for Lance after a call from him was cut off. When she finds Silver there, she attacks him and demands to know what business he has with Lance. Silver explains that he isn't Lance's enemy, but they are surrounded by a group of Koffing before he can continue. Silver easily defeats the Koffing group and drives them away. Clair then gives Silver the information about the call she had with Lance, which clues Silver onto where to go next.

Clair was mentioned by Evelyn in PS582.

This listing is of Clair's Pokemon in the Pokemon Adventures manga.

Clair appears in The Ultimate Battle...?!, where she was hiding inside a giant Poke Ball from the previous chapter when Red and Green caused a rock slide in the Dragon's Den. Green was interested in Clair and wanted to go out on a date with her. However, she pretended to agree and Green went with her to the Blackthorn Gym. Red followed along and found Green and his Charizard brutally beaten by her.

Seeing this made Red's Pokemon scared and ran off. Red managed to get them back. When Red managed to get them back, Clair then revealed herself to be a Gym Leader. She then had Red and his Pokemon find a way to get to her from the other side of the lava. After a failed attempt from Red's Clefairy in making themselves a bridge to get across, Clair got a bucket of water and a ladder to get them out of the lava.

With that done, she sends out her Dragonair to battle them. It took a combined effort of all three of Red's Pokemon to win. After the battle, Clair became depressed about the loss and the clones of Clefairy and Tyrogue decided to cheer her up, leaving the real Clefairy and Tyrogue surprised about their actions.

This listing is of cards mentioning or featuring Clair or her Pokemon in the Pokemon Trading Card Game.

Clair scans each container layer and provides a notification of vulnerabilities that may be a threat, based on the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures database (CVE) and similar databases from Red Hat ®, Ubuntu, and Debian. Since layers can be shared between many containers, introspection is vital to build an inventory of packages and match that against known CVEs.

Clair has also introduced support for programming language package managers, starting with Python, and a new image-oriented API.

Automatic detection of vulnerabilities will help increase awareness and best security practices across development and operations teams, and encourage action to patch and address the vulnerabilities. When new vulnerabilities are announced, Clair knows right away, without rescanning, which existing layers are vulnerable and notifications are sent.

For example, CVE-2014-0160, aka "Heartbleed" has been known for some time, yet Red Hat Quay security scanning found it is still a potential threat to a high percent of the container images users have stored on Quay. 

Take note that vulnerabilities often rely on particular conditions in order to be exploited. For example, Heartbleed only matters as a threat if the vulnerable OpenSSL package is installed and being used. Clair isn’t suited for that level of analysis and teams should still undertake deeper analysis as required.

Clair is the Gym Leader of the Blackthorn City Gym located in Johto. She uses Dragon-type Pokemon, much like her cousin, Lance.

Clair has pale skin, blue eyes and light blue hair, tied in a ponytail with a beige hair band. Two large spiked fringes frame her face and point outward, and a third fringe rests in the center of her face between her eyes. She also has very thin eyebrows, and visible eyelashes.

Clair wears a high-neck dark blue suit that extends to her thighs, with two shoulder pads, which have two yellow circles and a black cape on her back which its interior is red. Clair also wears a pair of dark blue fingerless gloves and a pair of dark blue shoes.

Clair's appearance remains the same as it is in Gold and Silver.

Clair wears a black and maroon cape with beige shoulder pads, a two-tone blue and light blue skin-tight bodysuit, blue gloves with black bracelets on her wrists, and blue knee-length high heeled boots with black anklets. Clair also wears a blue gem on her neck, resembling a Dragonair's pearl, and beige earrings, shaped like a dragon's tooth.

Clair holds a great deal of pride in her appearance — much like Lance does. Her competitive and tough, prideful attitude is often seen as both inspirational and intimidating to some.

However, once she is defeated, Clair is a sore loser and initially refuses to award her Gym's badge to the player character until she was convinced otherwise.

The name Clair comes from "lair" (as in a dragon's lair).

Her Japanese name, Ibuki, may originate from 息吹 (ibuki, breath, in reference to Dragon Breath). Following the plant-based naming of most Gym Leaders, it may also literally be 伊吹 (ibuki, the Japanese name for the Chinese juniper tree).

Her Gym badge is called the Rising Badge and the TM she gives the player character after beating her contains Dragon Breath. In HeartGold and SoulSilver, it is Dragon Pulse. In her gym, the trainer must use the HM Strength to push the boulders into the lava, eventually making a path to Clair. In her Pokemon HeartGold SoulSilver gym, the player character must rotate and move a platform over a series of lava pits. In both the original and the remake games, Clair refuses to give the Rising Badge even after the player character beats her. She requires that the player character goes to the Dragon's Den in order to earn the badge. In Crystal, she still refuses to give the badge, but the player character goes to the Dragon's Den to pass the Dragon users' challenge instead. After that, she gives the badge, scared of what will happen if Lance was informed.

Clair's Gym title is "The Blessed User of Dragon Pokemon".