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Rheum for More: Tips & Information About Rheumatoid …
Dec 30, 2021 · Learn about RA. Your goals matter. Reaching them starts with understanding your rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and how to take control of your RA management. Learn about RA. Sign up for emails to get a free RA Wellness Handbook—an all-in-one resource with recipes, RA management tips, symptom tracking, and more to help you live better with RA.Discover Rheum for More, a website offering rheumatoid arthritis education, tips, and management for people living with RA who want more out of their lives..
From: www.ra.com
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Ra Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
What does the abbreviation RA stand for? Meaning: range.What does the abbreviation RA stand for? Meaning: range..
From: www.merriam-webster.com
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Rheumatoid Arthritis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and …
Nov 23, 2021 · Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that can cause joint pain, inflammation, and damage throughout your body.. The joint damage that RA causes usually happens on both sides of the ...Learn all about rheumatoid arthritis, from symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments, to types, diet tips, and how it differs from osteoarthritis..
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that can cause joint pain, inflammation, and damage throughout your body. The joint damage that RA causes usually happens on both sides of the body. So, if a joint is affected in one of your arms or legs, the same joint in the other arm or leg will probably be affected, too. This is one way that doctors distinguish RA from other forms of arthritis, such as osteoarthritis (OA). Treatments work best when RA is diagnosed early, so it’s important to learn the signs. Read on to learn everything you want to know about RA, from types and symptoms to home remedies, diets, and other treatments. RA is a chronic disease marked by symptoms of inflammation and pain in the joints. These symptoms and signs increase during periods known as flares or exacerbations. Other times are known as periods of remission — this is when symptoms can disappear completely. RA symptoms commonly affect joints in the hands, wrists, and knees, but can also affect tissues and organs throughout the body including the lungs, heart, and eyes. Symptoms can vary from mild to severe. It’s important not to ignore your symptoms, even if they come and go. Knowing the early signs of RA will help you and your healthcare provider better treat and manage it. Diagnosing RA can take time and may require multiple lab tests to confirm clinical examination findings. Your healthcare provider will use several tools to diagnose RA. First, they’ll ask about your symptoms and medical history. They’ll also perform a physical exam of your joints. This will include: If they suspect RA, they’ll most likely refer you to a specialist called a rheumatologist. Since no single test can confirm a diagnosis of RA, your healthcare provider or rheumatologist may use several different types of tests. They may test your blood for certain substances like antibodies, or check the level of certain substances like They may also request certain imaging tests, such as an ultrasound, X-ray, or MRI. Tests not only show if joint damage has occurred but also how severe the damage is. A complete evaluation and monitoring of other organ systems might be recommended for some people with RA, too. Learn more about the process of diagnosing RA. There’s no cure for RA, but there are effective treatments that can help you manage it and prevent damage. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can require both patients and doctors to adjust as they figure out the best ways to treat the symptoms and slow the progression of the condition. Recently, advances in treatment strategies have resulted in ever-improving outcomes and quality of life for those with rheumatoid arthritis. Treat to Target is a treatment philosophy that rheumatologists use to effectively manage this disease. The treat-to-target approach has resulted in fewer symptoms and higher remission rates for those with RA. The treatment strategy involves: Treatments for RA help to manage the pain and control the inflammatory response. In many cases, this can result in remission. Decreasing the inflammation can also help to prevent further joint and organ damage. Your healthcare provider will work with you to determine the best treatment plan for your medical needs. For many people, these treatments help them live an active life and reduce the risk of long-term complications. Learn more about specific RA treatments and how to treat flares. Arthritis in the hands may start as a low-level burning sensation that you feel at the end of the day. Eventually, you may experience pain that isn’t necessarily from using your hands. This pain can get quite severe without treatment. If the cartilage in your joints wears away, you may notice some deformities in your hands. You may also have a grinding feeling in the joints of your hands, fingers, and large joints, if the cartilage deteriorates completely. As the disease progresses, fluid-filled sacs or synovial cysts typically develop in the wrists, knees, elbows, ankles and around the small joints of the hands. These cysts aren’t without complications and tendon rupture can occur in some cases. You may also develop knobby growths, called bone spurs, in the affected joints. Over time, bone spurs can make it harder for you to use your hands. If you have RA in your hands, your healthcare provider will work with you on exercises that can help you retain movement and function. Exercises, along with other types of treatment, can help reduce inflammation and delay progression of the disease. See exactly what the effects of RA look like on your hands. RA may be most visible in your hands and feet, particularly as the disease progresses and especially if you don’t currently have a treatment plan. Swelling of fingers, wrists, knees, ankles, and toes are common. Damage to ligaments and swelling in the feet can cause a person with RA to have trouble walking. If you don’t get treatment for RA, you may develop severe deformities in your hands and feet. Deformities of the hands and fingers may cause a curved, claw-like appearance. Your toes can also take on a claw-like look, sometimes bending upward and sometimes curling under the ball of the foot. You may also notice ulcers, nodules, bunions, and calluses on your feet. Lumps, called rheumatoid nodules, can appear anywhere on your body where joints are inflamed. These can range in size from very small to the size of a walnut or larger, and they can occur in clusters. This is what rheumatoid nodules and other visible signs of RA look like. Like RA, people with osteoarthritis (OA) can experience painful and stiff joints that make moving around difficult. People with OA may have joint swelling after extended activity, but OA doesn’t cause significant enough inflammatory reaction to result in redness of the affected joints. Unlike RA, OA isn’t an autoimmune disease. It’s related to the natural wear and tear of the joints as you age, or it can develop as a result of trauma. OA is most often seen in older adults. However, it can sometimes be seen in younger adults who overuse a particular joint — such as tennis players and other athletes — or those who’ve experienced a severe injury. RA is an autoimmune disease. The joint damage from RA isn’t caused by normal wear and tear. It’s caused by your body attacking itself. Learn more about these two types of arthritis.
Keyword: rheumatoid arthritis overview
From: www.healthline.com
RA Blood Tests: What Lab Tests Show Rheumatoid Arthritis ...
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test is conducted on potential rheumatoid arthritis patients. In the ESR test, the technician takes a sample of blood and adds it into a tube. The test measures the rate at which the red blood cells fall and settle in the bottom of the tube. The rate is measured in millimetres per hour.To diagnose rheumatoid arthritis there is no one test that can on its own reach a diagnosis. Instead, there are a number of criteria that must be established in order to reach a rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis. As part of the criteria for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis, doctors will order multiple blood….
From: www.rheumatoidarthritis.org
To diagnose rheumatoid arthritis there is no one test that can on its own reach a diagnosis. Instead, there are a number of criteria that must be established in order to reach a rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis.
As part of the criteria for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis, doctors will order multiple blood tests. These blood tests look for specific indicators that support the possibility that the patient could have rheumatoid arthritis.
Rheumatoid Arthritis Blood TestsThe rheumatoid arthritis blood tests that doctors perform to help diagnose the disease include:
None of these tests can singularly conclude that a patient has rheumatoid arthritis. Rather, doctors look at the combined results from all, alongside a number of other criteria including physical symptoms and genetics, in order to reach a rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis.
Rheumatoid FactorRheumatoid factor is a type of antibody found in an estimated 80% of rheumatoid arthritis patients. It’s an antibody that attacks healthy tissue and leads to joint inflammation potentially resulting in the development of rheumatoid arthritis symptoms.
A rheumatoid factor blood test determines the level of rheumatoid factor in a patient’s blood. Once the rheumatoid factor level reaches a certain range, the patient tests positive for rheumatoid factor.
Years ago, doctors used the positive result of rheumatoid factor in a patient’s blood to firmly diagnose them with rheumatoid arthritis. If a patient showed signs of joint inflammation and tested positive for rheumatoid factor, then rheumatoid arthritis generally became the clear diagnosis.
Since then, research has shown us that many people contain the rheumatoid factor antibody in their blood but that it can lead to different autoimmune or inflammatory conditions besides rheumatoid arthritis. This now makes the test considered less conclusive than it used to be.
This discovery blurred the lines about what does and doesn’t constitute a rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis. Today, doctors are more cautious about diagnosing a patient with rheumatoid arthritis if they test positive for rheumatoid factor. Although, it can still be a strong indicator in many patient cases.
Anti-CCPAfter the research came forward about the fact that non-rheumatoid arthritis patients can have rheumatoid factor in their blood, doctors started testing for another antibody, the anti-cyclic citrullinated protein. The anti-CCP antibody is another antibody that leads to inflammatory symptoms that cause rheumatoid arthritis.
Anti-CCP is thought to be present in anywhere between 60% and 80% of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Often the anti-CCP antibody will be found in patients’ blood anywhere from 5 to 10 years before they ever exhibit symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
The presence of anti-CCP and rheumatoid factor in a patient’s blood provides a strong case for making a rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis, provided the patient’s symptoms are also clearly consistent with rheumatoid arthritis.
ESRPatients with rheumatoid arthritis suffer from inflammation in their joints caused by an autoimmune reaction. Doctors can actually measure the level of inflammation a patient is experiencing in order to help reach a rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis.
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test is conducted on potential rheumatoid arthritis patients. In the ESR test, the technician takes a sample of blood and adds it into a tube. The test measures the rate at which the red blood cells fall and settle in the bottom of the tube. The rate is measured in millimetres per hour. A fast sedimentation rate indicates there is inflammation in the body. This is because inflammation causes the red blood cells to clump together, become denser, and fall faster causing them to settle more quickly.
The ESR test is not used on its own to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis. It is just a helpful tool in allowing doctors to have a complete idea of what is happening with the patient.
CRPLike the ESR test, the C-reactive protein test also measures inflammation. CRP is produced in the liver and its levels are measured in order to determine acute inflammation. If there are high levels of CRP this indicates the patient is experiencing a certain degree of inflammation.
A number of conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, can cause high CRP levels. If a doctor suspects rheumatoid arthritis in a patient, the CRP test can be used to confirm that the patient is experiencing inflammation potentially cause by rheumatoid arthritis.
CRP tests on their own cannot conclusively determine a rheumatoid diagnosis. They are used only as an indicator to help doctors to further narrow down a diagnosis.
Antinuclear AntibodyThe antinuclear antibody test is used to help doctors identify the presence of an autoimmune disorder in a patient. This blood test helps identify the antibodies in a patient that attack the healthy proteins contained in the nucleus of cells and in turn cause symptoms like rheumatoid arthritis symptoms. These antibodies are called antinuclear antibodies (ANA).
Some levels of ANA can be found even in healthy people. However, if high levels of ANA are present, it could increase the risk of developing an autoimmune disorder. When rheumatoid arthritis is suspected, some doctors look for ANA in their patient’s blood to identify the possible presence of an autoimmune disorder.
Diagnosing Rheumatoid Arthritis with Blood TestsRheumatoid arthritis blood tests are only one way to help doctors reach a diagnosis. If a patient is positive for any of these tests, they must also exhibit specific symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Doctors look at multiple other criteria besides blood test results when determining their diagnosis.
In some cases, patients can still be diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis even if they don’t test positive for the various types of antibodies found in rheumatoid arthritis blood tests.
Read more about diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis and the different types of rheumatoid arthritis here.
RA Diagnosis: What Criteria are used to Diagnose ...
RA has a clear set of early signs and symptoms that lead doctors to consider it as a diagnosis. These initial symptoms include: — Joint pain, stiffness and swelling for more than 6 weeks. — Swelling affecting 3-4 different joints or more. — Morning stiffness lasting longer than 30 minutes. — Symmetrical symptoms affecting both sides of ...If a patient is showing early signs and symptoms of RA, a doctor can refer the patient to a rheumatologist – a physician who specializes in arthritis and other diseases of the joints, muscles and bones. The rheumatologist will work with the patient and the patient’s primary care physician to….
From: www.rheumatoidarthritis.org
If a patient is showing early signs and symptoms of RA, a doctor can refer the patient to a rheumatologist – a physician who specializes in arthritis and other diseases of the joints, muscles and bones. The rheumatologist will work with the patient and the patient’s primary care physician to reach a RA diagnosis and provide treatment.
Because there is no exact known cause of RA, doctors look at a number of different factors before reaching a diagnosis. To reach a diagnosis, physicians follow a set procedure looking for multiple criteria, rather than one individual test. This includes examining physical symptoms, looking at family and personal medical history, and performing blood and other diagnostic tests (like x-rays or CT scans).
Some cases may be easier to diagnose than others, especially in the early stages of developing symptoms when symptoms may be less clear. Doctors work hard to ensure they’ve looked at all possibilities and that their examination and testing results are consistent with most cases of RA.
SymptomsTo begin the diagnostic process, doctors first look at symptoms. RA has a clear set of early signs and symptoms that lead doctors to consider it as a diagnosis. These initial symptoms include:
If these symptoms have been present for more than six consecutive weeks, doctors may consider these as symptoms specific to RA as opposed to other types of arthritis, like osteoarthritis. Doctors may also look for and ask about symptoms like fatigue, low-grade fever, loss of appetite, and even feelings of depression and malaise.
A full physical examination helps doctors find these symptoms and look at joints for tenderness, swelling, soreness, warmth, and redness. They will ask about difficulties moving joints and decreases in range of motion. Symptoms may come and go but typically, they do not. They remain noticeable and possibly progressive.
Family & Personal Medical HistoryThe patient’s medical history and family history are important factors in helping to reach a RA diagnosis. Studies have shown that the average risk of someone in the general population developing RA is about 1%. However, if there is a family history of the disease, the risk of another family member developing RA increases.
When diagnosing RA doctors ask about the following:
Depending on each patient’s unique set of answers, it can help doctors identify factors that lead to a RA diagnosis.
Blood TestsThere are specific and general blood tests which help doctors reach the diagnosis of RA. The specific tests identify a specific set of antibodies that are known contributors of RA symptoms. The general blood tests look for overall inflammation levels in the body. When these results are placed together, they create an overall picture of a patient with RA (or without). These tests include:
Rheumatoid FactorRheumatoid factor is a type of antibody found in the majority of RA patients. If a patient tests positive for rheumatoid factor it helps to reach a diagnosis, but its presence doesn’t confirm it. Many patients with other autoimmune disorders and inflammatory conditions test positive for rheumatoid factor but don’t have rheumatoid arthritis.
Anti-CCPIf a patient tests positive for anti-CCP this is a strong indicator of RA. The anti-CCP antibodies can exist in a person’s system long before they ever exhibit symptoms of RA.
ESR and CRPESR and CRP are tests that doctors use to measure the level of inflammation in a patient’s joints. If a person indicates a certain level of inflammation and exhibits symptoms of RA, this becomes another very strong indicator of a possible RA diagnosis.
Imaging ScansWhen a patient has strong and clear symptoms of RA, a doctor may also order a series of imaging scans. These include x-rays, CTs, MRIs, and possibly ultrasounds. In these imaging scans, doctors look for signs of joint damage. Bone and cartilage erosion as well as narrowing joint spaces can be signs of RA.
Reaching a RA DiagnosisOnce all of these steps have been conducted, doctors will look at all of the test results and reach a conclusion based on the overall picture. Some doctors take a more symptom based approach to diagnosing RA while others rely on blood tests and medical history to confirm a RA diagnosis.
This is why it’s possible to be diagnosed with RA but not test positive for antibodies or have a medical history of RA in your family. If the symptoms themselves are consistent with RA, then it can still be diagnosed.
That being said, the main criteria for diagnosing RA do not change. The patient must exhibit symptoms for greater than six weeks, symmetrical symptoms, as well as multiple joints being affected including fingers and hands.
Classifying RA TypesIf a patient displays all the symptoms of RA and tests positive for antibodies then they can be diagnosed with seropositive RA.
However, if a patient displays all the symptoms of RA, but doesn’t test positive for antibodies, the doctors can make a seronegative RA diagnosis.
Read more about the types of rheumatoid arthritis here.
Other FactorsRA symptoms (especially in early stages) can be mistaken for other conditions. Doctors work to rule out the potential of other illnesses when they are first alerted to possible signs of RA. Once these conditions have been ruled out, it makes it easier to reach a RA diagnosis. Some of these conditions include:
Due to the ambiguous nature of many RA diagnoses, researchers are continually looking for links and similarities between disease symptoms and patients’ genetics and medical histories. While diagnosing RA is difficult and can be complicated, the most important thing is to detect symptoms early and begin treatment as soon as possible.
» Be an RA! - Clemson Home
EDSA 3900 is a 3-hour credit course, and an RA must earn a C or better in the course to continue into the RA role. Failure to complete this course with a grade of C or better may impact RA employment. EDSA 3900 will be offered on multiple dates and times in spring 2022. Details will be provided during the selection process..
From: housing.clemson.edu
Resident Assistants come from a wide range of backgrounds and bring their own individual strengths, interests, and passions to the position. If you like working with others and are interested in making on-campus life the best it can be, you may be perfect for the RA role. You’ll have opportunities to connect with other students, get valuable work experience and professional development while making your mark on Clemson’s campus.
Benefits
Stipend: Pay begins at $10/hour
Free Meal Plan: For building relationships in dining halls and retail locations on campus, RA’s have a choice between Unlimited 100, Block 75, or Bridge Block 100 plans.
Free Housing: Private rooms provided through a housing waiver: RA’s pay NOTHING for housing!
University Housing & Dining (UH&D) strives to create supportive and challenging environments that enrich and nourish lives. Further, we seek to be the premier campus community in the country. Resident Assistants (RAs) are an integral part of furthering this mission and vision.
Resident Assistants will mentor residents to explore who they are, connect with others in the community, engage academically, and lead in meaningful ways.
We proudly commit to preparing our students and staff to thrive in a global community. We seek to understand and affirm all identities, engage in residential community dialogue, and promote an inclusive and supportive residential community environment.
Resident Assistants serve students in our residential communities in a variety of roles we have identified as leaders, role models, critical thinkers, peer educators, and community builders.
QualificationsResident Assistants will take EDSA 3900: Student Development, Leadership, and Counseling for the University Paraprofessional as a pre-service requirement of employment. EDSA 3900 is a 3-hour credit course, and an RA must earn a C or better in the course to continue into the RA role. Failure to complete this course with a grade of C or better may impact RA employment.
EDSA 3900 will be offered on multiple dates and times in spring 2022. Details will be provided during the selection process.
Applications Open September 1, 2021 – December 5, 2021 for the Academic Year 2022-23!
If you are interested in being considered for a potential immediate opening in Fall 2021 or Spring 2022, please apply through the same application. There is a place in the application to indicate your interest.
Apply in the Employment Portal.
Below you will find the 2021-2022 academic year RA Position Description, Departmental Expectations, Operational Dates and RA FAQ, for your reference. These materials updated for the 2022-23 academic year will be available once the academic calendar for 2022-23 is available from the University.
The Egyptian God Ra | Sun God of Egypt | Eye of Ra
The Tree of Life is an important religious symbol to the Egyptians. The Tree of Life was located within Ra’s sun temple in Heliopolis and was considered sacred. The fruit that sprang from this tree was not available to humans, but only in aging-rituals reserved for pharaohs.Learn the history and facts about the eye of Ra and the ancient Egyptian sun god Ra, the father and most important of all Gods..
From: www.ancient-egypt-online.com
Ra (pronounced ray) represents sunlight, warmth and growth. It was only natural that the ancient Egyptians would believe him to be the creator of the world, as well as part of him being represented in every other god. The ancient Egyptians believed that every god should illustrate some aspect of him, while Ra himself should also represent every god.
Ra’s AppearanceRa was usually depicted in human form. He had a falcon head which is crowned with a sun disc. This sun disc was encircled by a sacred cobra named Uraeus. Ra has also been depicted as a man with the head of a beetle and also a human man with the head of a ram. The ancients also depicted Ra in full species form such as a serpent, heron, bull, lion, cat, ram, hawk, beetle, phoenix and others. His main symbol, however, is the sun disk.
Ra MythologyThe ancient Egyptians believed that as the sun god, Ra’s role was to sail across the heavens during the day in his boat called the “Barque of Millions of Years.” In the morning when Ra emerged from the east, his boat was named, “Madjet” which meant “becoming strong.” By the end of the day the boat was called, “Semektet” which meant “becoming weak.” At the end of the day, it was believed that Ra died (swallowed by Nut) and sailed on to the underworld, leaving the moon in his place to light up the world. Ra was reborn at dawn the very next day. During his journey across the heavens during the day, he fought with his main enemy, an evil serpent named Apep, or also, The Lord of Chaos. In some stories, Ra, in the form of a cat named Mau, defeats the evil serpent, Apep. This is part of the reason why cats are so highly-revered in Egypt.
Ra created himself from the primordial chaos. He is also known as Re and Atum. His children are Shu, the God of Dry Air and Father of the Sky, and his twin sister Tefnut, the Goddess of Moisture and Wetness. As a lion-headed goddess, Tefnut is responsible for dew and freshness. Humans were created from Ra’s tears.
Although Ra was highly revered and devoutly worshiped by the ancient Egyptians, there is a story to suggest he eventually grew weak. In the Legend of Ra, Isis and the Snake, as Ra grew old, he dribbled saliva. Isis knew that Ra’s power was hidden in his secret name. Isis gathered Ra’s saliva and created a snake out of it. She set the snake in Ra’s path and it bit him. Isis wanted the power Ra had always enjoyed, but she knew she had to get him to tell her his secret name. Eventually, because of the pain he was in, Ra allowed Isis to “search through him” and in so doing, she healed him and Ra’s power was transferred over to her.
The Tree of Life is an important religious symbol to the Egyptians. The Tree of Life was located within Ra’s sun temple in Heliopolis and was considered sacred. The fruit that sprang from this tree was not available to humans, but only in aging-rituals reserved for pharaohs. The Tree of Life is also referred to as the mythical, sacred Ished tree. Eternal life came to those who ate the fruit from the Tree of Life.
Another important ancient Egyptian symbol connected to Ra is the “Bennu”. Bennu is the name of the bird that represented Ra’s soul. This bird is a phoenix and it was seated at the Tree of Life in Ra’s Sun Temple in Heliopolis. Inside the temple, on top of an obelisk, sat the Benben Stone. This pyramid-shaped stone served as a beacon to Bennu and is also an important ancient Egyptian religious symbol.
Worship of the Sun GodSolar temples were built for Ra but did not contain a statue of the god. Instead, they were created to be open to the sunlight that Ra represented. The earliest known temple built in honor of Ra exists in Heliopolis (what is now a Cairo suburb). This solar temple is known as “Benu-Phoenix” and is believed to have been erected in the exact spot where Ra emerged into creation.
Although Ra dates back to the second dynasty, he is not the oldest of the Egyptian gods. It wasn’t until the fifth dynasty that Ra became closely associated with the pharaoh. As the king and leader of Egypt, the pharaoh was seen as the human manifestation of Horus, so the two gods became connected. This new deity fusion was then referred to as “Ra-Horakhty” meaning Ra is Horus of the Horizon. Ra’s relationship with other gods did not stop there. As the powerful creator of mankind and the sun god, he also became associated with Atum to make “Atum-Ra.”
Fifth Dynasty and subsequent pharaohs were all known as “The son of Ra” and Ra became incorporated into every pharaoh’s name from then onward. During the Middle Kingdom, the new deity, Amun-Ra was formed. Amun was one of the gods who formed the Ogdoad (the assembly of eight gods who represented eight elements of creation).
The New Kingdom brought new heights of worship to Ra. Many tombs in the Valley of the Kings portray depictions of Ra and his journey through the underworld. During this time, many solar temples were built.
Eye of RaPresent in the ancient Egyptian mythology is the Eye of Ra, shown as the sun disk with two 'uraeus' cobras coiled around it, next to the white and red crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt. Initially associated with Horus (similarly to the wadjet, the Eye of Horus), the Eye of Ra shifted positions in the myths, becoming both an extension of Ra's power and a separate entity altogether.
Click here to learn more about The Eye of Ra
Ra God Facts
Surface Roughness vs Surface Finish | RA & RMS | Astro Pak
Jul 14, 2020 · Grit vs RA Chart. Ra (μin.) CLA (μin.) 1. A factor of 1.1 X CLA is used throughout this table to calculate RMS (μin.) 2. Typically, for values of Ra from 50μm to 3.2μm, the conversion factor for Rt (μm) is 4. As surface roughness decreases from 3.2μm, the conversion factor increases, reaching 12 at 0.025μm.Roughness itself is a series of microscopic “peaks and valleys” across a surface. This becomes clearer when viewed in cross-section. Surface roughness is.
Surface roughness is an often-overlooked dimensional aspect of the manufacturing process. While more focus is generally given to the composition of a part and its strength, or to its measured dimensions and tolerances, a surface that is too rough can result in increased friction and premature failure of a part. Going beyond mechanical operation, high purity manufacturing requires smooth surfaces within the processing equipment to avoid contamination or build-up within it. Simply put, the smoother a surface is, the less likely it is that material will stick to it. And of course, the smoother the surface, the easier it is to clean. We interact with smooth surfaces throughout our everyday lives. Glass windows are smooth, skin is smooth, and the touchscreen on our mobile devices are smooth. Or are they? Anyone who paid attention in biology class knows that, when viewed up-close skin is not smooth. But touch screens? Those are manufactured with a controlled roughness because too high of a gloss makes the images hard to see. Additionally, the screen would be too slippery to accurately interact with the virtual keyboard. This roughness is measurable in microns (µ), which are .001mm, or micro-inches (µin), which are .0001”. But, while the roughness allows you to interact with the display, it’s also what allows you to leave smudges on the screen. Roughness itself is a series of microscopic “peaks and valleys” across a surface. This becomes clearer when viewed in cross-section. Surface roughness is calculated measuring the average of surface heights and depths across the surface. This measurement is most commonly shown as “Ra” for “Roughness Average” and that value is used to determine compliance of equipment with various industry standards. Formally, Ra is described in ASME B46.1 as “the arithmetic average of the absolute values of the profile height deviations from the mean line, recorded within the evaluation length.” Ra, Rq (RMS), Rv, Rp, Rz and some other parameters are two-dimensional in nature, being only concerned with ‘up and down’ measurements in a straight line. They do not take into consideration other components of the surface topography such as flaws, errors of form, or waviness (symbolized as Sa, Sq, Sz) that would be measured in a 3D evaluation. Two dimensional roughness measurements are usually taken across any grain that might be present. For those who are fond of math, the formula to calculate the main height over the entire measured length or area is: Previously, surface roughness was calculated by “Root Mean Square” or “RMS” which used the same measure of peaks and valleys but utilized a different formula. RMS is sensitive to larger peaks and valleys, where RA is not. RMS, or Rq, will mostly appear on older technical drawings as it has been phased out in favor of RA. Additionally, RMS was typically measured in inches while RA is usually measured in millimeters in most countries other than the USA as most industries now use metric. Many drawings in the USA will show metric measurements with English in parenthesis, i.e., “0.8 (32)”. Also worth noting, the measure of the absolute distance between the highest peak and the lowest valley is shown as Rz. Ra is measured using a profilometer. This is an instrument with a stylus that travels across the surface and measures the difference in height between the peaks and valleys of the surface profile. ISO standards use the term CLA (Center Line Average), which is interpreted identically to Ra. As mentioned earlier, a smooth surface makes it harder for the product within the system to stick to the sides of a vessel or piping. Similarly, should free iron or other unwanted material be introduced into the system, there is less likelihood that it will become embedded into the metal and become a source of contamination. With high-purity processes, any contamination can spoil an entire batch of products. While the cost clean and purge a system can quickly add up, there is also the cost of the lost production time to consider as well. Overall, the lower the Ra, the higher-purity production application of the vessel. Not only is it easier to clean, but a smoother finish means that it is easier to empty product. The savings in time between batches can increase the throughput of product, which benefits the bottom line. Notes: It should be noted that Surface Roughness differs from Surface Finish. The term “Finish” is used to describe the appearance of a stainless plate or sheet and can be highly subjective. Surface Roughness is objectively measured with calibrated equipment. Stainless steel with a 2B mill finish is a bright, relatively defect-free finish produced by a final cold roll pass using polished rollers. It does not show any grain and has been compared to a “cloudy mirror” in terms of appearance. Since thinner metal is passed through the rollers more times than thicker sheets, the thinner metal usually has a lower Ra and a more uniform finish. Any defects pressed into the surface will be revealed if the surface is electropolished. Generally, the higher the level of purity demanded in the product, the finer the surface finish that will be required in the manufacturing equipment. As an example, 2B finish is used in baking equipment, food processing, tanks and vessels, pharmaceutical equipment and vacuum drum dryers. It is considered as smooth or smoother than a polished #4 finish and both are acceptable for meeting USDA standards. The Ra for a 2B finish is typically 0.3 (12) to 1µ (40) depending on the gauge of the metal. Other finishes and their roughness averages for comparison: There are many other finishes available of course, but for bio-pharmaceutical use (injectables, otic solutions) 0.38 (15) Ra and electropolished is usually specified and is codified under BPE SF-4. Powder and tablet manufacturers may be able to use a slightly rougher surface of around 0.5 (20) Ra under the BPE SF-2 standards as it is not electropolished. The surface finish of a vessel, as well as its Ra, determine what product can be produced within it, and as stated above, increasing levels of purity require increasingly finer surface finishes with lower Ra numbers. Each industry has specific finish standards that must be met. Sanitary food grade finishes generally fall in the 0.5 (20) to 0.7 (27) range. This range eliminates places where bacteria or other contaminates can gain a foothold. The Ra can be lowered by employing a combination of chemicals and electricity to carefully dissolve the surface of the steel. This process is known as electropolishing. Only between 5 to 10µ of material is actually removed, and that is primarily the high peaks of the surface. The results makes the valleys much shallower by comparison. The surface roughness can be reduced by up to 50%. Electropolishing is not the correct solution for heavily damaged surfaces such as caused by physical impact, welds or chloride micropitting. In those cases, mechanical polishing such as sanding or grinding may need to be employed to reduce the Ra to near the desired range. Once that is accomplished, then electropolishing is performed. While electropolishing delivers an overall smoother surface, it also removes any embedded debris such as abrasive dust or metal fines that may have been burnished into the surface. Ultimately, the thickness of the stainless steel also plays a factor in both Ra and electropolishing as the thicker metal is capable of withstanding more processing to achieve better smoothness.
From: astropak.com
1. A factor of 1.1 X CLA is used throughout this table to calculate RMS(μin.)
2. Typically, for values of Ra from 50μm to 3.2μm, the conversion factor for Rt (μm) is 4. As surface roughness decreases from 3.2μm, the conversion factor increases, reaching 12 at 0.025μm. This is reflected in the table above.
Amon-Ra St. Brown - Wikipedia
Amon-Ra Julian Heru J. St. Brown (born October 24, 1999) is an American football wide receiver for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at USC and was drafted by the Lions in the fourth round of the 2021 NFL Draft.
From: en.wikipedia.org
American football player (born 1999)
Amon-Ra Julian Heru J. St. Brown (born October 24, 1999) is an American football wide receiver for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at USC and was drafted by the Lions in the fourth round of the 2021 NFL Draft.
Early years[edit]St. Brown was named after Amun, the supreme deity in the Egyptian religion, due to his father's interest in black consciousness and African heritage.[1] St. Brown attended Servite High School in Anaheim, California as a freshman before transferring to Mater Dei High School in Santa Ana, California.[2] As a senior in 2017, he had 72 receptions for 1,320 yards and 20 touchdowns.[3] A five star recruit, St. Brown committed to the University of Southern California (USC) to play college football.[4][5] He played with future USC teammate JT Daniels at Mater Dei.[6]
College career[edit]In his first game of his college career, St. Brown had seven receptions for 98 yards and a touchdown. On September 15, St. Brown finished with a career-high 167 yards receiving in a game against Texas.[7] St. Brown finished his freshman season with 60 catches, 750 yards, and three touchdowns.[8] As a sophomore in 2019, he finished with 77 receptions for 1,042 receiving yards and six receiving touchdowns, adding 7 rushes for 60 yards and another touchdown.[9] As a junior in 2020, he finished with 41 receptions for 478 receiving yards and seven touchdowns in six games. [10]
Professional career[edit]St. Brown was drafted in the fourth round, 112th overall, by the Detroit Lions in the 2021 NFL Draft.[13] He signed his four-year rookie contract with Detroit on June 17, 2021.[14]
Against the Minnesota Vikings in Week 13, St. Brown recorded ten receptions for 86 yards, and the game winning touchdown as time expired in the 29–27 win, snapping a 15 game losing streak for the Lions.[15] St. Brown won the NFL Offensive Rookie of the Month award for December 2021. Over the month, he recorded 35 receptions, 340 receiving yards, and 3 receiving touchdowns, all of which led all rookies. He also recorded 26 rushing yards.[16]
Overall, St. Brown finished his rookie season with 90 receptions for 912 receiving yards and 5 receiving touchdowns to go along with 61 rushing yards and 1 rushing touchdown.[17]
NFL career statistics[edit] Personal life[edit]St. Brown's mother, Miriam Brown, is from Leverkusen, Germany. His father, John Brown, was a bodybuilder in the 1980s. His brother, Equanimeous St. Brown, currently plays for the Green Bay Packers in the National Football League (NFL), while another brother, Osiris, plays college football at Stanford.[1][18] St. Brown is also a community ambassador for Unite Health Share Ministries, a Christian healthcare non-profit organization.[19] In addition to English, St. Brown also speaks fluent German and French. His father chose his children's names from an interest in African names, particularly Egyptian ones.
References[edit] External links[edit]
RA Electronic music online
The tracks we ranked highest this year included Maara's trance-inflected techno and UNIIQU3's hip-swinging Jersey Club. Scandals, legal battles and the return of nightlife—RA's news editor reflects on the defining moments in another tumultuous year for electronic music. Leftfield R&B, rave euphoria, ambient jazz—the RA staff and ...Electronic music online.
From: ra.co
/female-college-student-studying-at-laptop-on-bed-in-dorm-room-736491705-5c4e40d646e0fb00014a2c70.jpg?w=800&quality=80 "Dorm Life: What is an RA or Resident Assistant?")
Dorm Life: What is an RA or Resident Assistant?
Jul 24, 2010 · A resident adviser—or "RA"—is an upperclassman who is available to college students living in dorms and resident halls. Dorm residents may be more comfortable talking to an RA than an older adult in a sterile on-campus housing office, making this peer-to-peer guidance can be valuable for incoming freshmen.Resident advisers, or RAs, are at the center of college dorm life. They are older students who oversee residence halls and people underclassmen can trust..
From: www.thoughtco.com
NetScaler AAA - Illinois
Welcome to State of Illinois Citrix. Resuming logon, please wait. Use another logon option. -FIM/MIM Registration. -Reset Password..
From: ra.illinois.gov
ARA Locations - ARA Diagnostic Imaging
Visit one of our 17 convenient Austin area ARA Diagnostic Imaging locations in your neighborhood.Visit one of our 17 convenient Austin area ARA Diagnostic Imaging locations in your neighborhood..
From: www.ausrad.com
Resident Advisor – Residence Life | Texas A&M University
New RA staff members who are selected in our process are required to participate in RA training, which starts approximately January 10 th for new RAs in the residence halls and January 7 th for White Creek RA Staff. Candidates for the RA position are expected to have a …APPLY TO BE A RESIDENT ADVISOR!
Howdy!
Thank you for your interest in being a Resident Advisor (RA) at Texas A&M University. Our RA Selections Committee is currently accepting candidate applications for the Fall semester Through 12:00 PM on February 9th. New RA staff members who are selected in.
From: reslife.tamu.edu
ra.edwardjones.com
Support Information for Session ID # 477ca37c OS: unknown Browser: unknown version 0 IP: 207.46.13.1 Approximate Location: Washington, United States, NA.
From: ra.edwardjones.com
嵐 - A･RA･SHI [Official Music Video] - YouTube
嵐 2019.10.16 ReleaseDVD＆Blu-ray「5×20 All the BEST!! CLIPS 1999-2019」https://www.j-storm.co.jp/arashi/discography/5x20-best-clips-1999-20191999.11.03 Release.
From: www.youtube.com
A Rã - João Donato - YouTube
A superb Brazilian bossa track, one of my favourites. From the album Quem É Quem released in 1973. Enjoy!.
From: www.youtube.com
Become an RA | Penn State Student Affairs
In order to qualify to become a RA you must: Students can apply provide they complete 15 Penn State credits upon completion of the Fall 2021 semester. This does not include advanced placement or transfer credits from other colleges or universities. Must demonstrate good academic standing with at least a 2.40 cumulative GPA..
From: studentaffairs.psu.edu
How to Be a Resident Assistant (RA): 14 Steps (with Pictures)
Nov 06, 2010 · A resident assistant is responsible for monitoring and supporting undergraduates in college housing on campus. As a resident assistant, or RA, you are also expected to be a role …A resident assistant is responsible for monitoring and supporting undergraduates in college housing on campus. As a resident assistant, or RA, you are also expected to be a role model for your peers and incoming students. Among the perks....
From: www.wikihow.com
A'ra Blair - Sacred Sexuality Life Coach, Author and ...
May 10, 2014 · Workshops & Webinars. Over the years, A’ra has lead and assisted with a variety of workshops. Whether as a way for people to heal or an avenue to deepen into spiritual connection, all of her endeavors have helped people expand their consciousness. She believes that every experience…. Learn More.Sacred Sexuality Life Coach, Author and Workshop Facilitator, Denver.
From: arablair.com
List of 198 Rheumatoid Arthritis Medications Compared ...
Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-term inflammatory condition that can affect the joints and other tissues and organs in the body. What causes Rheumatoid Arthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered an autoimmune condition, which means it is caused by your immune system making antibodies which attack your tissue..
From: www.drugs.com
Become a RA | Penn State Student Affairs
Why become a RA? Make a difference and make campus feel like home. Gain leadership, communication, counseling skills, and much more in an exciting residential environment. Am I eligible to become a RA? A Penn State RA works to lead by example and create a welcoming and safe community for residents on campus. In order to qualify to become a RA you must: Attend ….
From: studentaffairs.psu.edu