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“E” is the most used letter of the French alphabet. And it’s pronounced in so many different ways!

Today, let’s practice how to say “é”, “è”, “e” and more.

— The Extra Mile —
Experimental French writer Georges Perec published in 1969 La Disparition, a novel with no “e” at all. Later on, he published its counterpart Les Revenentes : a novel where “e” is the only vowel!

How to Type Spanish Letters and Accents (á, é, í, ó, ú, ü, ñ, ¿, ¡)

67.5K There are several ways to configure your keyboard to type in the Spanish accented letters and upside-down punctuation (á, é, í, ó, ú, ü, ñ, ¿, ¡) and which one you use depends on the frequency with which you need these letters.

If you only need an accented character every now and then, there is no need to change your full keyboard layout.

There are several key combinations you can use to insert single characters into your text on a PC. The first is for newer computers using the Control key and may only work in Microsoft Office.

In Office for Windows: For accented vowles: Press Ctrl + ‘, then the vowel (ctrl + ' + a = á)

For Ñ: Press Ctrl + ~, then the letter n (ctrl + ~ + n = ñ)

The second way is using the ASCII code. Each character in your computer has a code made up of pressing the ALT key then a three-digit number, all of which are listed below.

á = Alt + 0225

é = Alt + 0233

í = Alt + 0237

ó = Alt + 0243

ú = Alt + 0250

ñ = Alt + 0241

ü = Alt + 0252

¡ = Alt + 0161

¿ = Alt + 0191

To type the numbers, you must use the numeric keypad on the right side of your keyboard, not the number keys on the top row.

To get accented vowels on a Mac, hold down the Option key, and while holding it down, type the letter e; then release those keys and type the letter that you want the accent to appear on:

Opt + e, then a = á

Opt + e, then e = é

Opt + e, then i = í

Opt + e, then o = ó

Opt + e, then u = ú

For the ñ, hold down the Option key while you type the n, then type n again.

Opt + n, then n = ñ

To type an umlaut over the u, hold down the Option key while pressing the u key then type u again.

Opt + u, then u = ü

*To type the upside-down punctuation marks press the following keys all at once.

Opt + 1 = ¡

Opt + shift + ? = ¿

For those using Spanish letters and punctuation on a regular basis, I recommend going into your Control Panel/System Preferences and add the Spanish keyboard configuration. This will mean you need to learn the new key placements, but it is very easy once you get used to it.

For Windows Vista

Go to your Control Panel Click on "Clock, Language, Region Click on "Change Keyboards" Click "Add" and Select "Spanish-International Sort" For Windows XP:

Go to your Control Panel Click on "Date, Time, Language, and Regional Options" Click on "Regional and Language Options" Select the "Languages" tab at the top Click on "Details" near the bottom Click "Add" and choose "Spanish-Traditional Sort" Go back to the "Languages" tab and choose the option to "switch languages" by pressing "left alt-shift" at the same time. This way, you can switch to and from the Spanish and regular keyboard whenever you want. For Macs

Go to your System Preferences Click on "International" Select the "Input Menu" tab Scroll down to select "Spanish - ISO" Note the keystrokes necessary to switch between languages OR Select "Show input menu in menu bar" to be able to click-select which keyboard you want to use. Spanish-International Sort Keyboard Layout

Spanish-International Sort Keyboard Key Strokes

' + a = á

' + e = é

' + i = í

' + o = ó

' + u = ú

" + u = ü

Once you have installed your Spanish keyboard, it will react slightly differently than you are used to. First, you will notice that when you type an apostrophe ( ' ), nothing happens. This is because if you type a vowel immediately after, you will get an accented vowel (á, é, í, ó, ú). To get an apostrophe, push the key for the hyphen, next to the number 0. You can see several other changes in the picture below.

The quotes ( " ) key behaves the same way as the apostrophe key in that it gives you the umlaut ( ¨ ) rather than quotes for the letter (ü) in words like "lingüística". To type in regular quotes, simply press shift then the number 2.

The semicolon ( ; ) key has also been replaced by the ñ. To type a regular semicolon, simply press shift then the comma key.

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In knowledge representation, object-oriented programming and design (see object-oriented program architecture), is-a (is_a or is a) is a subsumption^[1] relationship between abstractions (e.g. types, classes), wherein one class A is a subclass of another class B (and so B is a superclass of A). In other words, type A is a subtype of type B when A's specification implies B's specification. That is, any object (or class) that satisfies A's specification also satisfies B's specification, because B's specification is weaker.^[2]

The is-a relationship is to be contrasted with the has-a (has_a or has a) relationship between types (classes); confusing the relations has-a and is-a is a common error when designing a model (e.g., a computer program) of the real-world relationship between an object and its subordinate. The is-a relationship may also be contrasted with the instance-of relationship between objects (instances) and types (classes): see Type–token distinction.

To summarize the relations, there are:

Subtyping enables a given type to be substituted for another type or abstraction. Subtyping is said to establish an is-a relationship between the subtype and some existing abstraction, either implicitly or explicitly, depending on language support. The relationship can be expressed explicitly via inheritance in languages that support inheritance as a subtyping mechanism.

The following C++ code establishes an explicit inheritance relationship between classes B and A, where B is both a subclass and a subtype of A, and can be used as an A wherever a B is specified (via a reference, a pointer or the object itself).

The following python code establishes an explicit inheritance relationship between classes B and A, where B is both a subclass and a subtype of A, and can be used as an A wherever a B is required.

The following example, type(a) is a "regular" type, and type(type(a)) is a metatype. While as distributed all types have the same metatype (PyType_Type, which is also its own metatype), this is not a requirement. The type of classic classes, known as types.ClassType, can also be considered a distinct metatype.^[5]

In Java, is-a relation between the type parameters of one class or interface and the type parameters of another are determined by the extends and implements clauses.

Using the Collections classes, ArrayList<E> implements List<E>, and List<E> extends Collection<E>. So ArrayList<String> is a subtype of List<String>, which is a subtype of Collection<String>. The subtyping relationship is preserved between the types automatically. When defining an interface, PayloadList, that associates an optional value of generic type P with each element, its declaration might look like:

The following parameterizations of PayloadList are subtypes of List<String>:

Liskov substitution principle explains a property, "If for each object o1 of type S there is an object o2 of type T such that for all programs P defined in terms of T, the behavior of P is unchanged when o1 is substituted for o2 then S is a subtype of T,".^[6] Following example shows a violation of LSP.

Obviously, the DrawShape function is badly formatted. It has to know about every derivative classes of Shape class. Also, it should be changed whenever new subclass of Shape are created. In object-oriented design, many^[who?] view the structure of this as anathema.

Here is a more subtle example of violation of LSP:

This works well but when it comes to Square class, which inherits Rectangle class, it violates LSP even though the is-a relationship holds between Rectangle and Square. Because square is rectangular. The following example overrides two functions, Setwidth and SetHeight, to fix the problem. But fixing the code implies that the design is faulty.

The following example, function g just works for Rectangle class but not for Square, and so the open-closed principle has been violated.

Using the “e with accent alt code”, you can type “e” with any of the accent marks over it (è,é,ê,ë or È,É,Ê,Ë) using the Windows keyboard. This code is designed for typing symbols that do not have a dedicated key on the keyboard. You can do this by pressing and holding the Alt key whilst typing the symbol’s alt code using the numeric keypad.

Learn more about the Windows Alt Codes

The table below shows all the alt codes for each of the “e” letters with the accent marks – In lowercases and uppercases (small and capital e with accents).

Obey the instructions below to type the “e” letter with any accent mark over it on the keyboard using the alt codes in the above table. Let’s illustrate by using the e with grave accent alt code (0232).

Note that you must use the numeric keypad to type the alt code. You must also turn on your NumLock key to be able to use the numeric keypad. If you are using a Laptop that does not have the numeric keypad, you can press Fn+NmLk keys simultaneously to turn on the hidden numeric keypad for laptops with smaller keyboards.  

This is how you may use the Alt Code method to type the various “e” letters with the accent mark using the keyboard.

NOTE: You can use these alt codes to type any symbol or character anywhere on your Windows PC including Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and even on your browser like Google Docs.

Related: Degree Symbol Alt Code

I've searched the web for a method to type an "E" character with a french keyboard layout in firefox.

It appears I'm supposed to type ⌥+E, and then ⇧+E to achieve this, but as soon as I press ⌥ and E simultaneously, an

character appears. Why, and what should I try instead?

I'm using Lion.